De Bruijn-Newman constant

For each real number [math]\displaystyle{ t }[/math], define the entire function [math]\displaystyle{ H_t: {\mathbf C} \to {\mathbf C} }[/math] by the formula

[math]\displaystyle{ \displaystyle H_t(z) := \int_0^\infty e^{tu^2} \Phi(u) \cos(zu)\ du }[/math]

where [math]\displaystyle{ \Phi }[/math] is the super-exponentially decaying function

[math]\displaystyle{ \displaystyle \Phi(u) := \sum_{n=1}^\infty (2\pi^2 n^4 e^{9u} - 3 \pi n^2 e^{5u}) \exp(-\pi n^2 e^{4u}). }[/math]

It is known that [math]\displaystyle{ \Phi }[/math] is even, and that [math]\displaystyle{ H_t }[/math] is even, real on the real axis, and obeys the functional equation [math]\displaystyle{ H_t(\overline{z}) = \overline{H_t(z)} }[/math]. In particular, the zeroes of [math]\displaystyle{ H_t }[/math] are symmetric about both the real and imaginary axes. One can also express [math]\displaystyle{ H_t }[/math] in a number of different forms, such as

[math]\displaystyle{ \displaystyle H_t(z) = \frac{1}{2} \int_{\bf R} e^{tu^2} \Phi(u) e^{izu}\ du }[/math]

or

[math]\displaystyle{ \displaystyle H_t(z) = \frac{1}{2} \int_0^\infty e^{t\log^2 x} \Phi(\log x) e^{iz \log x}\ \frac{dx}{x}. }[/math]

In the notation of [KKL2009], one has

[math]\displaystyle{ \displaystyle H_t(z) = \frac{1}{8} \Xi_{t/4}(z/2). }[/math]

De Bruijn [B1950] and Newman [N1976] showed that there existed a constant, the de Bruijn-Newman constant [math]\displaystyle{ \Lambda }[/math], such that [math]\displaystyle{ H_t }[/math] has all zeroes real precisely when [math]\displaystyle{ t \geq \Lambda }[/math]. The Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to the claim that [math]\displaystyle{ \Lambda \leq 0 }[/math]. Currently it is known that [math]\displaystyle{ 0 \leq \Lambda \lt 1/2 }[/math] (lower bound in [RT2018], upper bound in [KKL2009]).

The Polymath15 project seeks to improve the upper bound on [math]\displaystyle{ \Lambda }[/math]. The current strategy is to combine the following three ingredients:

1. Numerical zero-free regions for [math]\displaystyle{ H_t(x+iy) }[/math] of the form [math]\displaystyle{ \{ x+iy: 0 \leq x \leq T; y \geq \varepsilon \} }[/math] for explicit [math]\displaystyle{ T, \varepsilon, t \gt 0 }[/math].
2. Rigorous asymptotics that show that [math]\displaystyle{ H_t(x+iy) }[/math] whenever [math]\displaystyle{ y \geq \varepsilon }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ x \geq T }[/math] for a sufficiently large [math]\displaystyle{ T }[/math].
3. Dynamics of zeroes results that control [math]\displaystyle{ \Lambda }[/math] in terms of the maximum imaginary part of a zero of [math]\displaystyle{ H_t }[/math].

[math]\displaystyle{ t=0 }[/math]

When [math]\displaystyle{ t=0 }[/math], one has

[math]\displaystyle{ \displaystyle H_0(z) = \frac{1}{8} \xi( \frac{1}{2} + \frac{iz}{2} ) }[/math]

where

[math]\displaystyle{ \displaystyle \xi(s) := \frac{s(s-1)}{2} \pi^{-s/2} \Gamma(s/2) \zeta(s) }[/math]

is the Riemann xi function. In particular, [math]\displaystyle{ z }[/math] is a zero of [math]\displaystyle{ H_0 }[/math] if and only if [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{1}{2} + \frac{iz}{2} }[/math] is a non-trivial zero of the Riemann zeta function. Thus, for instance, the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to all the zeroes of [math]\displaystyle{ H_0 }[/math] being real, and Riemann-von Mangoldt formula (in the explicit form given by Backlund) gives

[math]\displaystyle{ \displaystyle \left|N_0(T) - (\frac{T}{4\pi} \log \frac{T}{4\pi} - \frac{T}{4\pi} - \frac{7}{8})\right| \lt 0.137 \log (T/2) + 0.443 \log\log(T/2) + 4.350 }[/math]

for any [math]\displaystyle{ T \gt 4 }[/math], where [math]\displaystyle{ N_0(T) }[/math] denotes the number of zeroes of [math]\displaystyle{ H_0 }[/math] with real part between 0 and T.

The first [math]\displaystyle{ 10^{13} }[/math] zeroes of [math]\displaystyle{ H_0 }[/math] (to the right of the origin) are real [G2004]. This numerical computation uses the Odlyzko-Schonhage algorithm. In [P2017] it was independently verified that all zeroes of [math]\displaystyle{ H_0 }[/math] between 0 and 61,220,092,000 were real.

[math]\displaystyle{ t\gt 0 }[/math]

For any [math]\displaystyle{ t\gt 0 }[/math], it is known that all but finitely many of the zeroes of [math]\displaystyle{ H_t }[/math] are real and simple [KKL2009, Theorem 1.3]. In fact, assuming the Riemann hypothesis, all of the zeroes of [math]\displaystyle{ H_t }[/math] are real and simple [CSV1994, Corollary 2].

It is known that [math]\displaystyle{ \xi }[/math] is an entire function of order one ([T1986, Theorem 2.12]). Hence by the fundamental solution for the heat equation, the [math]\displaystyle{ H_t }[/math] are also entire functions of order one for any [math]\displaystyle{ t }[/math].

Because [math]\displaystyle{ \Phi }[/math] is positive, [math]\displaystyle{ H_t(iy) }[/math] is positive for any [math]\displaystyle{ y }[/math], and hence there are no zeroes on the imaginary axis.

Let [math]\displaystyle{ \sigma_{max}(t) }[/math] denote the largest imaginary part of a zero of [math]\displaystyle{ H_t }[/math], thus [math]\displaystyle{ \sigma_{max}(t)=0 }[/math] if and only if [math]\displaystyle{ t \geq \Lambda }[/math]. It is known that the quantity [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{1}{2} \sigma_{max}(t)^2 + t }[/math] is non-increasing in time whenever [math]\displaystyle{ \sigma_{max}(t)\gt 0 }[/math] (see [KKL2009, Proposition A]. In particular we have

[math]\displaystyle{ \displaystyle \Lambda \leq t + \frac{1}{2} \sigma_{max}(t)^2 }[/math]

for any [math]\displaystyle{ t }[/math].

The zeroes [math]\displaystyle{ z_j(t) }[/math] of [math]\displaystyle{ H_t }[/math] obey the system of ODE

[math]\displaystyle{ \partial_t z_j(t) = - \sum_{k \neq j} \frac{2}{z_k(t) - z_j(t)} }[/math]

where the sum is interpreted in a principal value sense, and excluding those times in which [math]\displaystyle{ z_j(t) }[/math] is a repeated zero. See dynamics of zeros for more details. Writing [math]\displaystyle{ z_j(t) = x_j(t) + i y_j(t) }[/math], we can write the dynamics as

[math]\displaystyle{ \partial_t x_j = - \sum_{k \neq j} \frac{2 (x_k - x_j)}{(x_k-x_j)^2 + (y_k-y_j)^2} }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ \partial_t y_j = \sum_{k \neq j} \frac{2 (y_k - y_j)}{(x_k-x_j)^2 + (y_k-y_j)^2} }[/math]

where the dependence on [math]\displaystyle{ t }[/math] has been omitted for brevity.

In [KKL2009, Theorem 1.4], it is shown that for any fixed [math]\displaystyle{ t\gt 0 }[/math], the number [math]\displaystyle{ N_t(T) }[/math] of zeroes of [math]\displaystyle{ H_t }[/math] with real part between 0 and T obeys the asymptotic

[math]\displaystyle{ N_t(T) = \frac{T}{4\pi} \log \frac{T}{4\pi} - \frac{T}{4\pi} + \frac{t}{16} \log T + O(1) }[/math]

as [math]\displaystyle{ T \to \infty }[/math] (caution: the error term here is not uniform in t). Also, the zeroes behave like an arithmetic progression in the sense that

[math]\displaystyle{ z_{k+1}(t) - z_k(t) = (1+o(1)) \frac{4\pi}{\log |z_k|(t)} = (1+o(1)) \frac{4\pi}{\log k} }[/math]

as [math]\displaystyle{ k \to +\infty }[/math].

See asymptotics of H_t for asymptotics of the function [math]\displaystyle{ H_t }[/math], and Effective bounds on H_t and Effective bounds on H_t - second approach for explicit bounds.

Threads

• Polymath proposal: upper bounding the de Bruijn-Newman constant, Terence Tao, Jan 24, 2018.
• Polymath15, first thread: computing H_t, asymptotics, and dynamics of zeroes, Terence Tao, Jan 27, 2018.
• Polymath15, second thread: generalising the Riemann-Siegel approximate functional equation, Terence Tao and Sujit Nair, Feb 2, 2018.
• Polymath15, third thread: computing and approximating H_t, Terence Tao and Sujit Nair, Feb 12, 2018.
• Polymath 15, fourth thread: closing in on the test problem, Terence Tao, Feb 24, 2018.
• Polymath15, fifth thread: finishing off the test problem?, Terence Tao, Mar 2, 2018.
• Polymath15, sixth thread: the test problem and beyond, Terence Tao, Mar 18, 2018.
• Polymath15, seventh thread: going below 0.48, Terence Tao, Mar 28, 2018.
• Polymath15, eighth thread: going below 0.28, Terence Tao, Apr 17, 2018.
• Polymath15, ninth thread: going below 0.22?, Terence Tao, May 4, 2018.
• Polymath15, tenth thread: numerics update, Rudolph Dwars and Kalpesh Muchhal, Sep 6, 2018.
• Polymath15, eleventh thread: Writing up the results, and exploring negative t, Terence Tao, Dec 28, 2018.
• Effective approximation of heat flow evolution of the Riemann xi function, and a new upper bound for the de Bruijn-Newman constant, Terence Tao, Apr 30, 2019.

Other blog posts and online discussion

• Heat flow and zeroes of polynomials, Terence Tao, Oct 17, 2017.
• The de Bruijn-Newman constant is non-negative, Terence Tao, Jan 19, 2018.
• Lehmer pairs and GUE, Terence Tao, Jan 20, 2018.
• A new polymath proposal (related to the Riemann hypothesis) over Tao's blog, Gil Kalai, Jan 26, 2018.

Code and data

• Github repository

Writeup

• Writeup subdirectory of Github repository

Here are the Polymath15 grant acknowledgments.

Test problem

See Polymath15 test problem.

Zero-free regions

See Zero-free regions.

Wikipedia and other references

• de Bruijn-Newman constant
• Odlyzko–Schönhage algorithm
• Riemann–Siegel formula
• Riemann xi function

Bibliography

• [A2011] J. Arias de Reyna, High-precision computation of Riemann's zeta function by the Riemann-Siegel asymptotic formula, I, Mathematics of Computation, Volume 80, Number 274, April 2011, Pages 995–1009.
• [B1994] W. G. C. Boyd, Gamma Function Asymptotics by an Extension of the Method of Steepest Descents, Proceedings: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 447, No. 1931 (Dec. 8, 1994),pp. 609-630.
• [B1950] N. C. de Bruijn, The roots of trigonometric integrals, Duke J. Math. 17 (1950), 197–226.
• [CSV1994] G. Csordas, W. Smith, R. S. Varga, Lehmer pairs of zeros, the de Bruijn-Newman constant Λ, and the Riemann hypothesis, Constr. Approx. 10 (1994), no. 1, 107–129.
• [G2004] Gourdon, Xavier (2004), The [math]\displaystyle{ 10^{13} }[/math] first zeros of the Riemann Zeta function, and zeros computation at very large height
• [KKL2009] H. Ki, Y. O. Kim, and J. Lee, On the de Bruijn-Newman constant, Advances in Mathematics, 22 (2009), 281–306. Citeseer
• [N1976] C. M. Newman, Fourier transforms with only real zeroes, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 61 (1976), 246–251.
• [P2017] D. J. Platt, Isolating some non-trivial zeros of zeta, Math. Comp. 86 (2017), 2449-2467.
• [P1992] G. Pugh, The Riemann-Siegel formula and large scale computations of the Riemann zeta function, M.Sc. Thesis, U. British Columbia, 1992.
• [RT2018] B. Rodgers, T. Tao, The de Bruijn-Newman constant is non-negative, preprint. arXiv:1801.05914
• [T1986] E. C. Titchmarsh, The theory of the Riemann zeta-function. Second edition. Edited and with a preface by D. R. Heath-Brown. The Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, New York, 1986. pdf