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	<id>https://michaelnielsen.org/polymath/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=Abstract.tex</id>
	<title>Abstract.tex - Revision history</title>
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	<updated>2026-05-08T02:07:55Z</updated>
	<subtitle>Revision history for this page on the wiki</subtitle>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://michaelnielsen.org/polymath/index.php?title=Abstract.tex&amp;diff=1889&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Ryanworldwide at 20:23, 8 July 2009</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://michaelnielsen.org/polymath/index.php?title=Abstract.tex&amp;diff=1889&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2009-07-08T20:23:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 13:23, 8 July 2009&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;\begin{abstract}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;\begin{abstract}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Hales--Jewett theorem asserts that for every $r$ and every $k$ there exists $n$ such that every $r$-colouring of the $n$-dimensional grid $\{1, \dotsc, k\}^n$ contains a combinatorial line. This result is a generalization of van der Waerden&#039;s theorem, and it is one of the fundamental results of Ramsey theory. The van der Waerden&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;s theorem &lt;/del&gt;has a famous density version, conjectured by Erd\H os and Tur\&#039;an in 1936, proved by Szemer\&#039;edi in 1975 and given a different proof by Furstenberg in 1977. The Hales--Jewett theorem has a density version as well, proved by Furstenberg and Katznelson in 1991 by means of a significant extension of the ergodic techniques that had been pioneered by Furstenberg in his proof of Szemer\&#039;edi&#039;s theorem. In this paper, we give the first elementary proof of the theorem of Furstenberg and Katznelson, and the first to provide a quantitative bound on how large $n$ needs to be. In particular, we show that a subset of $[3]^n$ of density $\delta$ contains a combinatorial line if $n \geq 2 \upuparrows O(1/\delta^3)$. Our proof is surprisingly\noteryan{``reasonably&#039;&#039;, maybe} simple: indeed, it gives what is probably the simplest known proof of Szemer\&#039;edi&#039;s theorem.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Hales--Jewett theorem asserts that for every $r$ and every $k$ there exists $n$ such that every $r$-colouring of the $n$-dimensional grid $\{1, \dotsc, k\}^n$ contains a combinatorial line. This result is a generalization of van der Waerden&#039;s theorem, and it is one of the fundamental results of Ramsey theory. The &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;theorem of &lt;/ins&gt;van der Waerden has a famous density version, conjectured by Erd\H os and Tur\&#039;an in 1936, proved by Szemer\&#039;edi in 1975 and given a different proof by Furstenberg in 1977. The Hales--Jewett theorem has a density version as well, proved by Furstenberg and Katznelson in 1991 by means of a significant extension of the ergodic techniques that had been pioneered by Furstenberg in his proof of Szemer\&#039;edi&#039;s theorem. In this paper, we give the first elementary proof of the theorem of Furstenberg and Katznelson, and the first to provide a quantitative bound on how large $n$ needs to be. In particular, we show that a subset of $[3]^n$ of density $\delta$ contains a combinatorial line if $n \geq 2 \upuparrows O(1/\delta^3)$. Our proof is surprisingly\noteryan{``reasonably&#039;&#039;, maybe} simple: indeed, it gives what is probably the simplest known proof of Szemer\&#039;edi&#039;s theorem.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;\end{abstract}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;\end{abstract}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ryanworldwide</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://michaelnielsen.org/polymath/index.php?title=Abstract.tex&amp;diff=1878&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Ryanworldwide: Undo revision 1762 by 67.186.58.92 (Talk)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://michaelnielsen.org/polymath/index.php?title=Abstract.tex&amp;diff=1878&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2009-07-08T20:06:42Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Undo revision 1762 by &lt;a href=&quot;/polymath/index.php?title=Special:Contributions/67.186.58.92&quot; title=&quot;Special:Contributions/67.186.58.92&quot;&gt;67.186.58.92&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;/polymath/index.php?title=User_talk:67.186.58.92&quot; title=&quot;User talk:67.186.58.92&quot;&gt;Talk&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 13:06, 8 July 2009&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;\begin{abstract}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;\begin{abstract}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Hales--Jewett theorem asserts that for every $r$ and every $k$ there exists $n$ such that every $r$-colouring of the $n$-dimensional grid $\{1, \dotsc, k\}^n$ contains a combinatorial line. This result is a generalization of van der Waerden&#039;s theorem, and it is one of the fundamental results of Ramsey theory. The &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;theorem of &lt;/del&gt;van der Waerden has a famous density version, conjectured by Erd\H os and Tur\&#039;an in 1936, proved by Szemer\&#039;edi in 1975 and given a different proof by Furstenberg in 1977. The Hales--Jewett theorem has a density version as well, proved by Furstenberg and Katznelson in 1991 by means of a significant extension of the ergodic techniques that had been pioneered by Furstenberg in his proof of Szemer\&#039;edi&#039;s theorem. In this paper, we give the first elementary proof of the theorem of Furstenberg and Katznelson, and the first to provide a quantitative bound on how large $n$ needs to be. In particular, we show that a subset of $[3]^n$ of density $\delta$ contains a combinatorial line if $n \geq 2 \upuparrows O(1/\delta^3)$. Our proof is surprisingly\noteryan{``reasonably&#039;&#039;, maybe} simple: indeed, it gives what is probably the simplest known proof of Szemer\&#039;edi&#039;s theorem.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Hales--Jewett theorem asserts that for every $r$ and every $k$ there exists $n$ such that every $r$-colouring of the $n$-dimensional grid $\{1, \dotsc, k\}^n$ contains a combinatorial line. This result is a generalization of van der Waerden&#039;s theorem, and it is one of the fundamental results of Ramsey theory. The van der Waerden&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;s theorem &lt;/ins&gt;has a famous density version, conjectured by Erd\H os and Tur\&#039;an in 1936, proved by Szemer\&#039;edi in 1975 and given a different proof by Furstenberg in 1977. The Hales--Jewett theorem has a density version as well, proved by Furstenberg and Katznelson in 1991 by means of a significant extension of the ergodic techniques that had been pioneered by Furstenberg in his proof of Szemer\&#039;edi&#039;s theorem. In this paper, we give the first elementary proof of the theorem of Furstenberg and Katznelson, and the first to provide a quantitative bound on how large $n$ needs to be. In particular, we show that a subset of $[3]^n$ of density $\delta$ contains a combinatorial line if $n \geq 2 \upuparrows O(1/\delta^3)$. Our proof is surprisingly\noteryan{``reasonably&#039;&#039;, maybe} simple: indeed, it gives what is probably the simplest known proof of Szemer\&#039;edi&#039;s theorem.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;\end{abstract}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;\end{abstract}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ryanworldwide</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://michaelnielsen.org/polymath/index.php?title=Abstract.tex&amp;diff=1762&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>67.186.58.92 at 04:19, 25 June 2009</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://michaelnielsen.org/polymath/index.php?title=Abstract.tex&amp;diff=1762&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2009-06-25T04:19:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 21:19, 24 June 2009&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;\begin{abstract}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;\begin{abstract}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Hales--Jewett theorem asserts that for every $r$ and every $k$ there exists $n$ such that every $r$-colouring of the $n$-dimensional grid $\{1, \dotsc, k\}^n$ contains a combinatorial line. This result is a generalization of van der Waerden&#039;s theorem, and it is one of the fundamental results of Ramsey theory. The van der Waerden&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;s theorem &lt;/del&gt;has a famous density version, conjectured by Erd\H os and Tur\&#039;an in 1936, proved by Szemer\&#039;edi in 1975 and given a different proof by Furstenberg in 1977. The Hales--Jewett theorem has a density version as well, proved by Furstenberg and Katznelson in 1991 by means of a significant extension of the ergodic techniques that had been pioneered by Furstenberg in his proof of Szemer\&#039;edi&#039;s theorem. In this paper, we give the first elementary proof of the theorem of Furstenberg and Katznelson, and the first to provide a quantitative bound on how large $n$ needs to be. In particular, we show that a subset of $[3]^n$ of density $\delta$ contains a combinatorial line if $n \geq 2 \upuparrows O(1/\delta^3)$. Our proof is surprisingly\noteryan{``reasonably&#039;&#039;, maybe} simple: indeed, it gives what is probably the simplest known proof of Szemer\&#039;edi&#039;s theorem.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Hales--Jewett theorem asserts that for every $r$ and every $k$ there exists $n$ such that every $r$-colouring of the $n$-dimensional grid $\{1, \dotsc, k\}^n$ contains a combinatorial line. This result is a generalization of van der Waerden&#039;s theorem, and it is one of the fundamental results of Ramsey theory. The &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;theorem of &lt;/ins&gt;van der Waerden has a famous density version, conjectured by Erd\H os and Tur\&#039;an in 1936, proved by Szemer\&#039;edi in 1975 and given a different proof by Furstenberg in 1977. The Hales--Jewett theorem has a density version as well, proved by Furstenberg and Katznelson in 1991 by means of a significant extension of the ergodic techniques that had been pioneered by Furstenberg in his proof of Szemer\&#039;edi&#039;s theorem. In this paper, we give the first elementary proof of the theorem of Furstenberg and Katznelson, and the first to provide a quantitative bound on how large $n$ needs to be. In particular, we show that a subset of $[3]^n$ of density $\delta$ contains a combinatorial line if $n \geq 2 \upuparrows O(1/\delta^3)$. Our proof is surprisingly\noteryan{``reasonably&#039;&#039;, maybe} simple: indeed, it gives what is probably the simplest known proof of Szemer\&#039;edi&#039;s theorem.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;\end{abstract}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;\end{abstract}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>67.186.58.92</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://michaelnielsen.org/polymath/index.php?title=Abstract.tex&amp;diff=1648&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Ryanworldwide at 00:08, 12 June 2009</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://michaelnielsen.org/polymath/index.php?title=Abstract.tex&amp;diff=1648&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2009-06-12T00:08:50Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 17:08, 11 June 2009&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;\begin{abstract}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;\begin{abstract}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Hales-Jewett theorem asserts that for every $r$ and every $k$ there exists $n$ such that every colouring of the $n$-dimensional grid $&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[&lt;/del&gt;k&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;]&lt;/del&gt;^n$ contains a combinatorial line. This result is a generalization of van der Waerden&#039;s theorem, and it is one of the fundamental results of Ramsey theory. The van der Waerden&#039;s theorem has a famous density version, conjectured by Erd\H os and Tur\&#039;an in 1936, proved by Szemer\&#039;edi in 1975 and given a different proof by Furstenberg in 1977. The Hales-Jewett theorem has a density version as well, proved by Furstenberg and Katznelson in 1991 by means of a significant extension of the ergodic techniques that had been pioneered by Furstenberg in his proof of Szemer\&#039;edi&#039;s theorem. In this paper, we give the first &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;purely combinatorial &lt;/del&gt;proof of the theorem of Furstenberg and Katznelson. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The &lt;/del&gt;proof is surprisingly simple: indeed, it gives what is probably the simplest known proof of Szemer\&#039;edi&#039;s theorem.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Hales&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/ins&gt;-Jewett theorem asserts that for every $r$ and every $k$ there exists $n$ such that every &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;$r$-&lt;/ins&gt;colouring of the $n$-dimensional grid $&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;\{1, \dotsc, &lt;/ins&gt;k&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;\}&lt;/ins&gt;^n$ contains a combinatorial line. This result is a generalization of van der Waerden&#039;s theorem, and it is one of the fundamental results of Ramsey theory. The van der Waerden&#039;s theorem has a famous density version, conjectured by Erd\H os and Tur\&#039;an in 1936, proved by Szemer\&#039;edi in 1975 and given a different proof by Furstenberg in 1977. The Hales&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/ins&gt;-Jewett theorem has a density version as well, proved by Furstenberg and Katznelson in 1991 by means of a significant extension of the ergodic techniques that had been pioneered by Furstenberg in his proof of Szemer\&#039;edi&#039;s theorem. In this paper, we give the first &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;elementary &lt;/ins&gt;proof of the theorem of Furstenberg and Katznelson&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, and the first to provide a quantitative bound on how large $n$ needs to be. In particular, we show that a subset of $[3]^n$ of density $\delta$ contains a combinatorial line if $n \geq 2 \upuparrows O(1/\delta^3)$&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Our &lt;/ins&gt;proof is surprisingly&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;\noteryan{``reasonably&#039;&#039;, maybe} &lt;/ins&gt;simple: indeed, it gives what is probably the simplest known proof of Szemer\&#039;edi&#039;s theorem.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;\end{abstract}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;\end{abstract}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ryanworldwide</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://michaelnielsen.org/polymath/index.php?title=Abstract.tex&amp;diff=1378&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Ryanworldwide: New page: \begin{abstract} The Hales-Jewett theorem asserts that for every $r$ and every $k$ there exists $n$ such that every colouring of the $n$-dimensional grid $[k]^n$ contains a combinatorial l...</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://michaelnielsen.org/polymath/index.php?title=Abstract.tex&amp;diff=1378&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2009-05-14T04:08:27Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;New page: \begin{abstract} The Hales-Jewett theorem asserts that for every $r$ and every $k$ there exists $n$ such that every colouring of the $n$-dimensional grid $[k]^n$ contains a combinatorial l...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;New page&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;\begin{abstract}&lt;br /&gt;
The Hales-Jewett theorem asserts that for every $r$ and every $k$ there exists $n$ such that every colouring of the $n$-dimensional grid $[k]^n$ contains a combinatorial line. This result is a generalization of van der Waerden&amp;#039;s theorem, and it is one of the fundamental results of Ramsey theory. The van der Waerden&amp;#039;s theorem has a famous density version, conjectured by Erd\H os and Tur\&amp;#039;an in 1936, proved by Szemer\&amp;#039;edi in 1975 and given a different proof by Furstenberg in 1977. The Hales-Jewett theorem has a density version as well, proved by Furstenberg and Katznelson in 1991 by means of a significant extension of the ergodic techniques that had been pioneered by Furstenberg in his proof of Szemer\&amp;#039;edi&amp;#039;s theorem. In this paper, we give the first purely combinatorial proof of the theorem of Furstenberg and Katznelson. The proof is surprisingly simple: indeed, it gives what is probably the simplest known proof of Szemer\&amp;#039;edi&amp;#039;s theorem. &lt;br /&gt;
\end{abstract}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ryanworldwide</name></author>
	</entry>
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