Kakeya problem

Define a Kakeya set to be a subset [math]\displaystyle{ A\subset{\mathbb F}_3^n }[/math] that contains an algebraic line in every direction; that is, for every [math]\displaystyle{ d\in{\mathbb F}_3^n }[/math], there exists [math]\displaystyle{ a\in{\mathbb F}_3^n }[/math] such that [math]\displaystyle{ a,a+d,a+2d }[/math] all lie in [math]\displaystyle{ A }[/math]. Let [math]\displaystyle{ k_n }[/math] be the smallest size of a Kakeya set in [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathbb F}_3^n }[/math].

Clearly, we have [math]\displaystyle{ k_1=3 }[/math], and it is easy to see that [math]\displaystyle{ k_2=7 }[/math]. Using a computer, it is not difficult to find that [math]\displaystyle{ k_3=13 }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ k_4\le 27 }[/math]. Indeed, it seems likely that [math]\displaystyle{ k_4=27 }[/math] holds, meaning that in [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathbb F}_3^4 }[/math] one cannot get away with just [math]\displaystyle{ 26 }[/math] elements.

General lower bounds

Trivially,

[math]\displaystyle{ k_n\le k_{n+1}\le 3k_n }[/math].

Since the Cartesian product of two Kakeya sets is another Kakeya set, we have

[math]\displaystyle{ k_{n+m} \leq k_m k_n }[/math];

this implies that [math]\displaystyle{ k_n^{1/n} }[/math] converges to a limit as [math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math] goes to infinity.

From a paper of Dvir, Kopparty, Saraf, and Sudan it follows that [math]\displaystyle{ k_n \geq 3^n / 2^n }[/math], but this is superseded by the estimates given below.

To each of the [math]\displaystyle{ (3^n-1)/2 }[/math] directions in [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathbb F}_3^n }[/math] there correspond at least three pairs of elements in a Kakeya set, etermining this direction. Therefore, [math]\displaystyle{ \binom{k_n}{2}\ge 3\cdot(3^n-1)/2 }[/math], and hence

[math]\displaystyle{ k_n\gtrsim 3^{(n+1)/2}. }[/math]

One can get essentially the same conclusion using the "bush" argument. There are [math]\displaystyle{ N := (3^n-1)/2 }[/math] different directions. Take a line in every direction, let E be the union of these lines, and let [math]\displaystyle{ \mu }[/math] be the maximum multiplicity of these lines (i.e. the largest number of lines that are concurrent at a point). On the one hand, from double counting we see that E has cardinality at least [math]\displaystyle{ 3N/\mu }[/math]. On the other hand, by considering the "bush" of lines emanating from a point with multiplicity [math]\displaystyle{ \mu }[/math], we see that E has cardinality at least [math]\displaystyle{ 2\mu+1 }[/math]. If we minimise [math]\displaystyle{ \max(3N/\mu, 2\mu+1) }[/math] over all possible values of [math]\displaystyle{ \mu }[/math] one obtains approximately [math]\displaystyle{ \sqrt{6N} \approx 3^{(n+1)/2} }[/math] as a lower bound of [math]\displaystyle{ |E| }[/math].

A better bound follows by using the "slices argument". Let [math]\displaystyle{ A,B,C\subset{\mathbb F}_3^{n-1} }[/math] be the three slices of a Kakeya set [math]\displaystyle{ E }[/math]. Form a graph [math]\displaystyle{ G }[/math] between [math]\displaystyle{ A }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ B }[/math] by connecting [math]\displaystyle{ a }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ b }[/math] by an edge if there is a line in [math]\displaystyle{ E }[/math] joining [math]\displaystyle{ a }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ b }[/math]. The restricted sumset [math]\displaystyle{ \{a+b\colon (a,b)\in G\} }[/math] is contained in the set [math]\displaystyle{ -C }[/math], while the difference set [math]\displaystyle{ \{a-b\colon (a-b)\in G\} }[/math] is all of [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathbb F}_3^{n-1} }[/math]. Using an estimate from a paper of Katz-Tao, we conclude that [math]\displaystyle{ 3^{n-1}\le\max(|A|,|B|,|C|)^{11/6} }[/math], leading to [math]\displaystyle{ |E|\ge 3^{6(n-1)/11} }[/math].

General upper bounds

We have

[math]\displaystyle{ k_n\le 2^{n+1}-1 }[/math]

since the set of all vectors in [math]\displaystyle{ {\mathbb F}_3^n }[/math] such that at least one of the numbers [math]\displaystyle{ 1 }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ 2 }[/math] is missing among their coordinates is a Kakeya set.

Another construction uses the "slices" idea and a construction of Imre Ruzsa. Let [math]\displaystyle{ A, B \subset [3]^n }[/math] be the set of strings with [math]\displaystyle{ n/3+O(\sqrt{n}) }[/math] 1's, [math]\displaystyle{ 2n/3+O(\sqrt{n}) }[/math] 0's, and no 2's; let [math]\displaystyle{ C \subset [3]^n }[/math] be the set of strings with [math]\displaystyle{ 2n/3+O(\sqrt{n}) }[/math] 2's, [math]\displaystyle{ n/3+O(\sqrt{n}) }[/math] 0's, and no 1's, and let [math]\displaystyle{ E = \{0\} \times A \cup \{1\} \times B \cup \{2\} \times C }[/math]. From Stirling's formula we have [math]\displaystyle{ |E| = (27/4 + o(1))^{n/3} }[/math]. Now I claim that for most [math]\displaystyle{ t \in [3]^{n-1} }[/math], there exists an algebraic line in the direction (1,t). Indeed, typically t will have [math]\displaystyle{ n/3+O(\sqrt{n}) }[/math] 0s, [math]\displaystyle{ n/3+O(\sqrt{n}) }[/math] 1s, and [math]\displaystyle{ n/3+O(\sqrt{n}) }[/math] 2s, thus [math]\displaystyle{ t = e + 2f }[/math] where e and f are strings with [math]\displaystyle{ n/3 + O(\sqrt{n}) }[/math] 1s and no 2s, with the 1-sets of e and f being disjoint. One then checks that the line [math]\displaystyle{ (0,f), (1,e), (2,2e+2f) }[/math] lies in E.

This is already a positive fraction of directions in [math]\displaystyle{ E }[/math]. One can use the random rotations trick to get the rest of the directions in [math]\displaystyle{ E }[/math] (losing a polynomial factor in [math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math]).

Putting all this together, we seem to have

[math]\displaystyle{ (3^{6/11} + o(1))^n \le k_n \le ( (27/4)^{1/3} + o(1))^n }[/math]

or

[math]\displaystyle{ (1.8207\ldots+o(1))^n \le k_n \le (1.88988+o(1))^n. }[/math]